I. Basic Bioremediation
- Microbes "digest" contaminants
- Microbes are present naturally
- - Soil
- - Water
II. Microbial "Community"
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Algae
III. Food For Microbes
- Soil Organic Matter (Preferred)
- "Foreign" organic matter
- - Petroleum
IV. Microbes Have No Mouths
- Use external (scouts) enzymes (liquid proteins) to break food sources into small particles
- Absorb food particles for internal enzymatic breakdown
V. Microbial Enzyme Production
- External Enzymes
- - Extracellular
- Internal Enzymes
- - Intracellular
VI. External Enzymes
- Break down complex organic material in environment for absorption
- "Tell" the microbe what is available to be broken down as food
- Induce the microbe to produce more specific external enzymes
VII. Internal Enzymes
- Convert organic particles to energy
- Growth and reproduction
- "Gear up" in response to food particles being absorbed
VIII. Microbe Response to Enzyme Activity
- Produce enzymes specific to food source
- -Induction
- Produce "daughter" cells which produce same enzymes
IX. Enzyme Induction
- Food source alters microbial production of enzymes
- Otherwise, microbe must carry huge inventory of enzymes
X. Microbial Community Food Sources
- 1% - Utilize petroleum products under natural conditions
- 10% - Utilize petroleum when spill occurs
- 55% - Utilize petroleum when HC-2000 is added
XI. Petroleum-Degrading Microbes
- Enzymatically breakdown petroleum into fragments
- Fragments induce production of microbial enzymes specific to contaminant as food source
XII. Petroleum as a Reluctant Food Source
- Tends to bind to soil particles; hard to get to
- Particles cling together
- May resist microbial attack directly
XIII. HC-2000's Biological Effects
- Rapid increase in size of microbial community
- Increase in percentage of petroleum degraders
- Withdraw HC-2000 and enlarged community attacks petroleum contaminant as preferred food source
XIV. HC-2000's Bioemulsifiers
- Help decrease soil binding of contaminants
- Increase surface area for better bioavailability
- - Making little ones out of big ones
- Penetration of nutrients and enzymes through soil and water
XV. HC-2000's Enzymes
- Initiate oxidation, bind organic contaminants
- Send data regarding food source to microbes
- Stimulate specific organic production by microbes
XVI. HC-2000's Enzymes (In Other Words)
- Attack the petroleum product itself and do the work of the external enzymes that microbes produce
- Physically break two carbon fragments away from long-chain alkanes
- - Break open benzene rings, broken fragment sent back to microbe to produce more enzymes
XVII. HC-2000's Microbial Nutrients
- Grows the microbial community at rapid rate
- Preferential growth of contaminant-degrading microbes
- Maintains growth in presence of low contaminant concentrations
XVIII. HC-2000
- Expands capabilities of existing microbes to digest petroleum-based products
- - Changes metabolism
- Catalyzes the breakdown of diesel, motor oils, gasoline, TCE, DCE, PAH
- - Co-metabolism
XIX. HC-2000
- Does not depend on adding microbes from the laboratory nor genetic mutations
- Is safe, non-toxic and totally biodegradable
XX. HC-2000's Soil Treatment Options
XXI. HC-2000 Treatment Successes
- Gasoline
- Diesel
- Kerosene
- Waste Oils
- Halogenated Organics
- Crude Oil
- PCP's, PCB's
XXII. HC-2000 Uses
- Solids
- Sludges
- Groundwater
- Wastewater
- Free Products (e.g., oil slicks)
XXIII. HC-2000 Applications
- One Gallon per 8 cubic yards of Contaminated Soil
- Duration Averages Ten Weeks for Refined Lighter Hydrocarbons
- Duration Increases With Carbon Chain Length & Starting Concentration
XXIV. HC-2000 Costs
- No Major Change to Day-to-Day Management of Bioremediation Cell
- Limited Daily Cost Increases Above Basic Biocell Management Costs
- - HC-2000
- - Expanded Testing for Bacterial Counts
- - Testing Frequency Increased to 1 Time Weekly
XXV. HC-2000 Advantages & Savings
- Accelerated Treatment Time = Reduction in Management + Treatment Costs
- TPH Concentrations Remediated to Less Than 1,000 ppm (ND for Refined Products)
- No Major Changes to Day-to-Day Biocell
Management